Unit+2+Review+Page

What you should have in your binder for check # 2
TEST FORMAT - 20 Multiple Choice = A,B,C,Ds (worth 80%) Diagram (Either a Brain or Neuron or maybe both!) - 10 labels (worth 2% each)

__**Themes:**__ **Your biology influences your behavior, and your behavior influences your biology.**

Repeated use of substances lowers neurotransmiters (like dopamine) that the body produces. Psychoactive drugs (called antigonists) can mimic Neurotransmitters that the brain stops producing on its own. Addicts need drugs in order to have these neurotransmitters (behavior influencing biology) -Drugs either decrease or increase the amount of neurotransmitters -Drugs abuse activates dopamine in the reward pathways of the brain.
 * 1) Addiction:** Some people could be prone to addiction from having addiction run in their families (biology influencing behavior)
 * **Agonists** - increase activity by creating replicated transmitters (example: depression)
 * **Antagonists** - decrease activity by blocking ion gates

[|Addiction]


 * 2) Sensitization:** Neurons that people use for habitually have stronger pathways, easier to do these actions (behavior influencing biology)


 * 3)** **Plasticity:** Ability for neurons to rewire themselves based on new interests. A major reason for neurons to rewire is because there is an increase in hormonal activity and the brain needs to react to it.(behavior influencing biology)

The parts of the brain have separate tasks, but all the parts of the brain work as a whole.
 * Specialization and Integration**


 * 1) Lateralization**

__//The Hemispheres of the Brain://__


 * Dominant Hemispheres**
 * one hemisphere dominates one's behavior

The **left** hemisphere: Controls the right side of the body, and specializes in //Logic and Language// The **right** hemisphere: Controls the left side of the body, and specializes in //Creativity and Spacial activity// Example: Video with woman getting clothes out of her closet (Alien hand syndrome)


 * 2) Parts of the Brain/Neurons and Their Functions**

ex. tells the brain when your finger has touched your ear
 * Sensory strip:** Feeling sensations, touch (found in both hemispheres)
 * Motor strip:** Controls movement in the body (found in both hemispheres)


 * 3) Neuron Communication**
 * Neurons send small chemical electrical messages to communicate; each have different thresholds depending on difficulty of task
 * **Pre**synaptic is sending message
 * **Post**synaptic is receiving a message
 * Psychoactive drugs (work but need to figure out how to take them so brain can still work on its own)
 * agonists: increase neural activity, cause more and more iron gates to open, replicate molecules that open the neuron gates
 * antagonists: reduces neural activity, chemicals that mimic keys well enough to land on the receptor sites and prevent others from opening the gates
 * Transduction turns outside energy into energy for the body (mechanical energy into chemical-electrical energy that can be read by the brain)
 * **Interneurons** - connect one neuron to another

**Parts of the Brain:**
 * **Medulla-** controls basic breathing and heartbeat
 * **Reticular Formation (RAS)-** regulates consciousness. (i.e. sleeping and arousal)
 * **Pons-** controls the sleep and wake cycle
 * **Cerebellum-** controls motor function (coordinated movements)
 * **Thalamus-** sensory perception and regulation of motor functions. It is also considered the central switchboard because it sends information to different parts of the brain.

Includes the Amygdala, hypothalamus and hippocampus. Stores memories, regulates hormones, sensory perception and motor skills.
 * The Limbic System**
 * **Hippocampus-** involved in memory forming- memory index
 * **Amygdala-** controls emotion of fear and anger
 * **Hypothalamus-** controls basic human needs (sex drive, thirst, hunger, and body temperature)

On the outer edge of the brain, it has ultimate control and information-processing center
 * Cerebral Cortex (Neo-cortex)**


 * **Frontal Lobe-** Command center that controls decision making, judgement, and thinking.
 * **Parietal Lobe-** sensory information is processed
 * **Occipital Lobe-** vision is processed
 * **Temporal Lobe-** hearing is processed
 * **Corpus Callosum-**connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres
 * **Angular Gyrus**- the brain allows cross modal transfer and associations between either vision or touch and hearing, in other words is able to process when a human hears what they see. This relates to language, mathematics and cognition.
 * **Wernicke's Area-** sound is processed by breaking down auditory information
 * **Broca's Area-** the part of the brain that allows humans to speak

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYwOtTMUz0c **Parts of a Neuron:**
 * Photo of Brain:**
 * **Dendrites-** receives messages from other neurons
 * **Cell Body-** this is where life functions take place in the neuron
 * **Axon-** this is where the neuron impulses are carried through to the next neuron
 * **Myelin Sheath-** This is the fatty coding that serves as an insulator and increases the speed of neuron communication.
 * **Nodes of Ranvier-** the areas between the myelin sheath located on the axon of a neuron.
 * **Terminal Button-** part of the neuron that sends messages to other neuron's dendrites
 * **Synapse-** the process in which a nerve impulse is sent from one neuron to another.
 * **Ion Gates-** takes in neurotransmitters during synapse.
 * **Vesicles-** holds neurotransmitters before neuron reaches action potential and releases them.


 * **Action Potential:** The threshold that each neuron has and when it is reached the vesicle fires its message.
 * **Presynaptic neuron:** Sends message
 * **Postsynaptic neuron:** receives message

**Nervous System and Endocrine System**
 * Photo of Neuron:**


 * Nervous System**
 * is like email (much faster)
 * Constant use
 * works through chemical and electrical connections
 * it uses neuron transmitters to transfer information
 * it stores more information
 * less exciting


 * Endocrine System**
 * is like the U.S postal service (much slower)
 * much more exciting
 * glands use hormones to travel through the blood stream
 * has more of an exciting impact on humans (like receiving a gift in the mail)

it has the ability to release hormones that tell other hormones to release as well. This is where the two systems "communicate"
 * Pituitary Gland:** This is located next to the hypothalamus and this is where the nervous/endocrine systems connect. It is also known as the **master gland** because

About and inch behind the space between one's eyes. This area can trump frontal lobe in decision making. The hypothalamus tells the pituitary glands what to do.
 * Hypothalamus/Pituitary Gland:**


 * Example:** A boy does not like to dance at parties. The boy watches a very pretty girl dancing. The pituitary gland then releases hormones that release more hormones in the testes to release the hormone androgen. This hormone connects to male sex drive. This hormone than travels through the blood stream to the boy's brain again. The boy then feels the need to dance with the girl and actually starts to dance.

__**Nervous System**__ Automatic Somatic (voluntary movements) Sympathetic Parasympathetic
 * Peripherol Nervous System** **Central Nervous System**

**Other Terms and Concepts to Know**

It is often used to treat otherwise intractable epilepsy. A patient with a split brain, when shown an image in his or her left visual field (the left half of what both eyes take in), will can't vocally name what s/he has seen. This is because the __speech-control center is in the left side__ of the brain in most people, and the image from the left __visual field is sent only to the right side__ of the brain. The patient is typically still able to function in his/her everyday life, assuming he/she is able to face tasks with both the left and right eye in use. When one of the eyes is covered up, or is looking at something the other is not it isn't possible for either hemisphere to communicate with the other. This is what happened to the woman in the movie, Vicky.
 * Roger Sperry:** conducted the split brain procedure, won Nobel Prize in medicine.
 * Split Brain:** the result when the Corpus Callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree.

Since communication between the two sides of the brain is inhibited, the patient cannot name what the right side of the brain is seeing. The person can, however, pick up and show recognition of an object (one within the left overall visual area) with their left hand, since that hand is controlled by the right side of the brain.

The same effect occurs for visual pairs and reasoning. For example, a patient with split brain is shown a picture of a chicken and a snowy field in separate visual fields and asked to choose from a list of words the best association with the pictures. The patient would choose a chicken foot to associate with the chicken and a shovel to associate with the snow; however, when asked to reason why the patient chose the shovel, the response would relate to the chicken (something like "the shovel is for cleaning out the chicken coop").


 * Phineas P. Gage** was an American railroad construction foreman remembered for his survival of an accident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain's left frontal lobe and for that injury's reported effects on his personality and behavior.

Though ESP has never been scientifically proven and has numerous critics and skeptics, many laboratory test results have strongly favored the existence of ESP, and many people claim personal experience with it. ESP includes such phenomena as telepathy, out-of-body experiences, clairvoyance or remote viewing, precognition or seeing the future, aura reading, and other instances of intuition and knowledge acquired without the use of the physical senses.
 * Extra-sensory perception (ESP)** refers to any phenomena in which one gains information through means other than the recognized physical senses.


 * Acoustic Encoding** is the process of remembering and comprehending something that you hear. Repetition of words or putting information into a song or rhythm uses acoustic encoding.

**Episodic memory** is a category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences. Your first day of school, your first kiss, attending a friend's birthday party and your brother's graduation are all examples of episodic memories. In addition to your overall recall of the event itself, it also involves your memory of the location and time that the event occurred.

A **self-fulfilling prophecy** is a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior. "a //false// definition of the situation evoking a new behaviour which makes the original false conception come 'true'."