Motivation+and+Emotion+Study+Guide

__**I. Key Terms and Concepts**__
- can only be inferred from the behavior We are driven to maintain optimal level of arousal. Exp.; In championship games the first couple of minutes are always very sloppy because of a high arousal level but once the players calm down so does the arousal level.
 * Motivation**- summoning the energy to perform some behavior
 * Culture-** group of people who share common language, values, ethics, and behaviors
 * Sub-culture-** A cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at variance with those of the larger culture.
 * Arousal Theory-** Each individul needs to be stimulated to a certain point, varies for each person. Everyone has a __Set Point__(where each individual meets their optimum level of arousal. If you stray from set point, you experience negative feedback, and do something to go back to the set point. Involves yerkes-dodson curve (high = overstimulated, low = understimulated.)



examples: food, water, sleep examples: clothes, money, achievement - The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates organisms to satisfy need to reduce the drive (ex. food, sleep, sex) Confirmation Bias- one’s tendency to interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconception; to hear what one wants to. L**earned helplessness:** the state of mind created when an animal or a human learns to behave helplessly, even with the means to escape or avoid an unpleasant situation -Stomach pangs or contractions -Blood sugar levels are low -Taste receptors are on -You've lost weight and shrunken cells are sending messages to restore fat reserves.
 * Primary Motives-** physiological needs, necessary for survival
 * Secondary Motives-** learned, nonessential desires
 * Instinct Theory-** Inspired by Darwin's evolution theory. List of over 5,000 instincts (complex pattern of behavior, don't have to learn it). Too many instincts listed to be able to always use this theory
 * Drive-reduction theory-** A theory that attempted to explain behavior by saying that we have a drive such as hunger and we seek to reduce by performing the action to make the drive subside such as eating when you are hungry (VS)
 * Maladaptive behavior**- a negative behavior characterized by a disruption of routine, social interactions and general quality of life. Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are regarded as maladaptive as they drastically affect all aspects of the sufferers life.
 * Fear of failure-** Usually a trait found in males. They are afraid to fail because it makes them appear less masculine.
 * Fear of Success-** a prominently female attribute where people are afraid to accomplish difficult goals because they fear it will make them appear extremely competitive
 * Incentive value of success-** Low achievers want harder challenges, but have a high reward or high success. High achievers strive for a more 50/50 balance of challenge to success.
 * confirmation bias-** people that like each other with similar interests and ideas, easier to hear/agree with something we like/believe in
 * Optimism**- Individuals who persist in seeking goals despite obstacles and setbacks,operate from hope of success rather than fear of failure; and see setbacks as due to manageable circumstance rather than a personal flaw.
 * 3 Main Theories of Emotion**
 * Common Sense
 * James Lange
 * Cannon-Bard
 * Schacter
 * EQ** – Emotional intelligence. The ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups. Indicator of success
 * Indirect Compensation -** When someone--usually a parent--takes control of an individual and pushed them to reach the accomplishments the controller did not achieve in the past. Motivating the individual to succeed and living through their accomplishments.
 * Homogamy-** We are attracted to similarity. Humans tend to mate with partners who closely match their physical traits (height, weight, attractiveness, and so on), as well as mental traits like intelligence.
 * Kip Kinkel-** Subject of //The Killer at Thurston High// documentary. Studied in class as a psychological case study.
 * Anorexia Nervosa-** An eating and anxiety disorder that causes extreme weight loss. The disorder affects the persons sensory information. This disorder can cause death from starvation.
 * Bulimia Nervosa**- An eating and anxiety disorder that causes the person to purge and lose weight. This disorder can be triggered by major life changes. Many of the people with Bulimia look healthy and do not have extreme weight loss.
 * Physiological Reasons for hunger:**
 * Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs**
 * Self Actualization- Need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential
 * Esteem Needs-Need for self esteem, achievement, competence and independence; need for recognition and respect for others
 * Social Needs-Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted, need to avoid loneliness and allienation
 * Safety Needs-Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable;need to feel safe, secure and stable
 * Physiological Needs-need to satisfy hunger and thirst

__ II. Unit Objectives: (add notes under each of the objectives) __
-Motivation is the process that causes one to want to achieve goals to limit emotional or physical pain and maximize pleasure. -Intrinsic Motivation: Driven by pleasure and interest in something. -Extrinsic Motivation: Driven by GOAL of activity.
 * Objective 5.1 Define motivation as psychologists use the term today, and describe four perspectives useful for studying motivated behavior. **

Elizabeth T. Kim P. Meaghan O. Alyssa D. -Advertisements give the impression the customer the impression that their live would be better with whatever they are selling, whether it being water, pertaining to physiological needs, or it being fresh kicks, pertaining to belonging. Examples: Physicological: Water, Sex Ads Saftey: Cop ad, safe cars, etc Belongingness: buying this or doing this will give you more friends and better romantc relationships Self Esteem: This product will make you seem cooler, ex. New Car Self Actualization: Participate/ buy products for moral reasons, appeals to the part of you searching for meaning, values, and the being the best person you can be ex. Join the Marines, Walk for Cancer
 * Objective 5.2 Clearly and completely explain how advertisements apply to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs. **

- Although the stomach's pangs contribute to hunger, variations in body chemistry are more important. We are likely to feel hungry when our glucose levels are low. This information is integrated by the hypothalamus, which regulates the body's weight as it influences our feelings of hunger and satiety. To maintain its set point weight, the body also adjusts its basal metabolic rate of energy expenditure.
 * Objective 5.3 Describe the physiological determinants of hunger.**

//Anorexia and Bulimia// -high levels of seratonin: anxiety and depression -learned helplessness (feels they can't fix the problem) -superego (dominated, quest to fit into society's image) -hierarchy of needs (belonging, esteem) -Subculture & dominant culture (afluent societies) //Hunger// -belonging and esteem (eat what is acceptable) -dominant culture (example: bitter food desired in other areas, like in Africa) -sub cultures (example: food eaten by certain religions)
 * Objective 5.4 Discuss the psychological and cultural influences on hunger, and explain how anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa demonstrate the influence of psychological forces on physiologically motivated behavior.** (Ilana, Hannah, Sarah Wills, Lauren)

- Facial expressions convey one’s emotions with distinct features of a face - For example eyebrows or mouth scrunche - Emotions are full body responses involving physical arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experiences //Three ingredients of Emotion:// Physiological activation: Increased heart rate as he/she discovers good news, decreased heart rate as he/she is consoled. Expressive behaviors: Smiling and pumping fists, or losing smile in sadness Conscious experience: Interpreting what it means to be a member- understanding what it feels to be left out //Anger// -eyebrows pulled down -upper lids pulled in -lower lids pulled up -lips tightened of pursed //Fear// -eyebrows pulled up and together -upper eyelids pulled up -mouth stretched or open //Disgust// -eyebrows pulled down -nose wrinkled -upper lip pulled up -lips loose //Joy/Happiness// -muscle around the eyes tightened -"crows feet" wrinkles around eyes -cheeks raised -lip corners raised diagonally //Sadness// -inner corners of eyebrows raised -eyelids loose -lip corners pulled down //Surprise// -entire eyebrow pulled up -eyelids pulled up -mouth hangs open
 * Objective 5.5 Name the basic emotions and describe the use of facial expressions in displaying emotion.** //(Ariella E. and Florine H.)//

- EQ (Emotional Intelligence Quotient) is the ability one has to recognize his or her behaviors, moods, and impulses, and to manage them best according to the situation. - Usually involves emotional empathy, accurate recognition of one's own and others' moods, control over emotions, response with appropriate emotions and behaviors in various life situations and balancing of honest expression of emotions. - Having a selection of work that is emotionally rewarding and a balance between work, home, and recreational life makes someone more likely to have a high level of achievement because positive emotion effects performance positively. - The same goes for low EQ, a person would be less likely to have a high level of achievement because negative emotion effects performance negatively.
 * Objective 5.6 Define EQ and explain its role in achievement.**

-James-Lange theory: something happens -> your body reacts -> you feel an emotion -emotions are subjective interpretation of arousal -explains individual differences in experience of emotions -Cannon-Bard theory: something happens -> reaction is occurring in your brain subconsciously -> a conscious feeling as well as an autonomic arousal state occur at the same time -eliminates delay in emotions -brain takes in information, then reaction and emotion at the same time Schachter (two factor): something happens -> your body reacts -> you name the emotion (based on the situation) -> you feel an emotion -bodily reactions corresponding to many emotions are similar, so you need conscious thought to determine which emotion to feel -people put "cognitive labels" on emotions
 * Objective 5.7 Describe the three main theories of emotion.** (Kate G. and Stephen K.)

- an individual's needs are acquired over time and are shaped by one's life experiences - Most needs can be classified as achievement, affiliation, or power - There is an incentive value of success, which is that with in a task there is built in incentive and there are no incentives for easy tasks - People with a high need for achievement seek to excel and thus tend to avoid both low-risk and high-risk situations - People with a low need for achievement tend to chose the hardest task, thus having a built in excuse for not achieving
 * Objective 5.8 List the main results of the David McClelland's research on High and Low Achievers**

(Myron S, Jake W) -Perfectionism rigidifies behavior. It constricts people when the world requires a greater amount of flexibility and comfort with uncertainty. -Perfectionism clashes with children’s development, making them feel like they need to achieve perfection to please their parents. -“It keeps people from engaging in challenging experiences; they don’t get to discover what they truly like or to create their own identifies.” (Psychology Today) -Perfectionism reduces creativity and innovation. -Perfectionism causes maladaptive behavior; such as over anxiety and depression (Sean,Stephen) Unnecessary stress Less Creativity Less risk-taking Self evaluation that can lead to depression and anxiety.
 * Objective 5.9 You will be able to explain how perfectionism can be a negative aspect of achievement motivation.**

//Instinct Theory//- Inspired by Darwin's evolution theory. List of over 5,000 instincts (complex pattern of behavior, don't have to learn it). Too many instincts listed to be able to always use this theory //Drive-reduction theory//- the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (drive) that motivates organisms to satisfy need to reduce the drive (ex. food, sleep, sex) //Arousal Theory//**-** Each individul needs to be stimulated to a certain point, varies for each person. Everyone has a __Set Point__(where each individual meets their optimum level of arousal. If you stray from set point, you experience negative feedback, and do something to go back to the set point. Involves yerkes-dodson curve (high = overstimulated, low = understimulated.) We are driven to maintain optimal level of arousal. Exp.; In championship games the first couple of minutes are always very sloppy because of a high arousal level but once the players calm down so does the arousal level
 * Objective 5.10 You can describe the three main theories of Emotion.**

-Emotions are linked to motivation in the sense that we are motivated by our emotions. Every part of our lives is a result of some form of motivation, whether it be going on a run, or laying on the couch all day. It is our present emotions, as well as the emotion we would like to obtain through these actions that motivate us to act.
 * Objective 5.11 You can use the recent research on happiness to develop an original statement on the relationship between motivation and emotion**

Social Ramifications -animals vs humans (paige y)

Pleasure is always seeking for pleasures while happiness is a state of mind that lasts over a quick period of time.

People standards of living and happiness is constantly being raised to higher standards because humans begin to adapt as well as compare their happiness to others. For example, a person can be happy if they just received a brand new Toyota but if their neighbor just received a brand new porch, that first person compares the two cars and becomes unhappy once again. The ingredients for happiness is having meaning such as religion or a purpose of life, goals such as strengths and abilities and lastly community. The linked between emotion and motivation is that humans need to have stable emotions that can motivate them to accomplish goals in their lives. For example, if a person is sad, that emotional state will effect that persons motivation to do something. If that persons emotional state is happiness, then that person will feel good and be motivated to do things. (mk,db,ms,jc)