Kinesthetic+and+Vestibular+Pd.+1+Ryan,+Maddy,+Jess+G,+Simon+and+Ali

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The vestibular senses control equilibrium and create an awareness of body position, and the kinesthetic senses relay specific information about muscle movement, changes in posture, and strain on muscles and joints.

__Kinestetic Stimulus (Ryan)__

 In 1888, the term “kinaesthesia” was phrased to describe our ability to sense the position and movement of our limbs and trunk. The stimulus for kinesthetic movements derives from muscle movement and the relaxation and stressing of muscles spindles. Two kinds of nerve endings, stretch receptors and Golgi tendon organs are responsible for controlling this stimuli. The stretch receptors are attached to muscle fibers, which after responding to muscle and organ stimuli, transmit messages to the medulla in the brain. The Golgi tendon organs are a sensory reception organ located, as the name suggests, in the tendons. In addition, there are peripheral receptors which are muscle spindles and skin stretch receptors that signal the skin and muscle receptors to move. Muscles spindles are accepted as another key factor in the stimuli for kinstethic movement. Muscle spindles are important because their primary endings respond to the size of a muscle length change and it’s speed, and therefore it’s believed that they contribute to our sense of limb position and movement. Myosin and actin spindle fibers made of ATP motor proteins are found in the muscles and help in muscle contraction. When the fibers are stretched, muscles tighten and fibers shorten. When the fibers are released, muscles relax and fibers elongate. Thus, these nerves allow us to have a sense of bodily position.

__Vestibular Stimulus__  The vestibular sense allows for special awareness and balance. Sensory information from across the body, as well as systematic immune responses, contributes to an overall sense of balance, and location.  Vision is integral to the function of the vestibular system: almost 20% of all visual neurons respond to vestibular stimulation. Those who have suffered damage to the inner ear (where vestibular organs are located) can compensate for vestibular dysfunction with visual information. When the visual information is removed, however, it can result in dizziness, or a falling sensation for the individual.  The auditory system is also elemental to the vestibular sense. Similar to visual disruption, auditory disruption affects the function of the vestibular sense. Take, for example, block Eustachian tubes of the inner ear. This blockage can produce problems in balance.  The brain receives information on surfaces and stationary objects by way of the hands and fingers. Touching surfaces can compensate for information loss in the inner ear. The soles of the feet also provide the brain with information on the texture of the ground. These pressors on the soles of the feet allow the brain to calculate weight distribution, and thus balance and movement. __Brain/Processing (Ali)__  Neural pathways within the brain allow for the series of muscle contractions which produce a movement. Receptors throughout the body send information to the brain. Consequently, the information is processed in the brain. Repetition of movement strengthens neural pathways of the kinesthetic sense, hence the term ‘muscle memory’. Electrical stimulation of the motor cortex produces bodily movement. Brief stimulation generally elicits small, or simply movements. Comparatively, when the premotor cortex is stimulated, a larger amount of electrical current is required. The increased stimulation yields larger, more complex movements.

__Survival Skills and Life Skills__

 Movement is important for many reasons. If humans did not have the sense of movement both vestibular and kinesthetic we would never move, and certainly never evolve! Movement is a major part of every persons life. Exercise relies on the kinesthetic movement made by our muscles. Any way of moving from point A to point B relies on the balance from our vestibular movement, and the muscular movement kinesthetic sense.

__Thresholds__ The threshold for weight is 1 to 40 standard units. A person will be able to notice the difference when one unit is added to every forty units of weight. Ernst Heinrich Weber performed a test to show that humans being touched with points of a compass that are close together will perceive them as one point. Subjects could tell two touches in less than a twentieth of an inch on their tongues, two touches in half an inch on their cheeks, and two touches in 2 inches in on their backs.

__Fun Facts__
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Vestibular organs are responsible for motion sickness; the nausea is caused by a disparity between visual information and vestibular sensation.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Vestibular disorders are responsible in 85% of patients complaints of dizziness

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